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France

Tourism

Tourism in numbers - Europe

Europe is the most important tourist region in the world. According to UNWTO, in 2006 nearly 55% of all international tourist arrivals (461 million) were on the “old continent”.Southern Europe and the Mediterranean region are the favourite holiday destinations in Europe. According to UNWTO, in 2006 about 165 million tourists visited these regions (25).

At present, the predominant summer tourist flows in Europe are from north to south, to the coastal zone. However, coastal and mountain tourism are the segments that are most vulnerable to climate change, and the Mediterranean region is the world's most popular holiday region: it attracts some 120 million visitors from northern Europe each year, the largest international flow of tourists on the globe, and their spending is in excess of EUR 100 billion (23).

Tourism in numbers - France

In terms of international tourist arrivals, France is the world's favourite holiday country. According to UNWTO, in 2006 79 million travellers arrived there (9.3% share of the world market in 2006). Only 36% of tourists in France are foreigners. This figure is considerably lower than in Spain and Portugal, which are much more focused on seaside holidays. In France, tourism accounts for around 9% of GDP, roughly in line with the global average (25).

France ranks within the two top ski tourism destinations in Europe, with annually about 55 million skier visits (35). The French Alps represent more than 80% of total annual French skier visits. In the French Alps, the share of tourism employment is almost 8% and tourism expenditures related to ski resorts amount to about 6.5 billion EUR (36). 

Tourism in numbers - The Alps

The Alps are also among the most visited regions. About 60-80 million people visit the Alps each year as tourists. Tourism activities in the Alps generate close to EUR 50 billion in annual turnover and provide 10-12% of the jobs (5,9). There are over 600 ski resorts and 10,000 ski installations in the Alps. France, Switzerland, Austria and Italy provide over 85% of Europe’s skiing area. France has the highest winter season turnover of all these four countries (5,10).


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Vulnerabilities – In general

There are four broad categories of climate change impacts that will affect tourism destinations, their competitiveness and sustainability (24):

  • Direct climatic impacts
  • Indirect environmental change impacts. Changes in water availability, biodiversity loss, reduced landscape aesthetic, altered agricultural production (e.g., wine tourism), increased natural hazards, coastal erosion and inundation, damage to infrastructure and the increasing incidence of vector-borne diseases will all impact tourism to varying degrees.
  • Impacts of mitigation policies on tourist mobility. Policies that seek to reduce GHG emissions will lead to an increase in transport costs and may foster environmental attitudes that lead tourists to change their travel patterns.
  • Indirect societal change impacts. Climate change is thought to pose a risk to future economic growth and to the political stability of some nations. Climate change is considered a national and international security risk that will steadily intensify, particularly under greater warming scenarios. Tourists, particularly international tourists, are averse to political instability and social unrest.

Vulnerabilities - Trends in the past

It was the winters with little snow at the end of the 1980s (1987/88–1989/90) that caused a stir (1,8). The big difference to earlier periods with little snow was that the capital intensity of ski tourism had considerably increased. The snow shortage at the end of the 1980s left a clear mark on the tourist trade. The earnings of cable-way companies decreased by 20% compared to the ‘normal’ winter of 1986/1987. Particularly affected were smaller companies at lower and medium altitudes (1).


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Vulnerabilities – Projections for the future

A large proportion of tourism in France is largely independent of climate. Overall, tourism in France could benefit from climate change. Higher temperatures and lower levels of precipitation on the French Atlantic coast could extend the summer season and make the sometimes harsh climate more pleasant for sea and sand holidays (25).

A recent Europe-wide assessment has identified increasing losses in winter tourism due to reduced snow cover and the increased exposure of settlements and infrastructure to natural hazards as the primary vulnerabilities to climate change in the Alps (5).


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Adaptation strategies – In general

Climate change is slowly entering into decision-making of a range of tourism stakeholders (e.g., investors, insurance companies, tourism enterprises, governments, and tourists); studies that have examined the climate change risk appraisal of local tourism officials and operators have consistently found relatively low levels of concern and little evidence of long-term strategic planning in anticipation of future changes in climate (24).


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Adaptation strategies - France

While some regions may be able to maintain their winter tourism with suitable adaptation strategies, others would lose all winter tourism due to a diminishing snow pack. Despite global warming, it is impossible to exclude the possibility of winters with heavy snowfall in the future. Climate change must be viewed as a catalyst that is reinforcing and accelerating the pace of structural changes in tourism (1).


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References

The references below are cited in full in a separate map 'References'. Please click here if you are looking for the full references for France.

  1. Elsasser and Bürki (2002)
  2. Bürki (2000), in: Elsasser and Bürki (2002)
  3. Meier (1998), in: Elsasser and Bürki (2002)
  4. Federal Office for the Environment FOEN (Ed.) (2009)
  5. Agrawala (2007)
  6. Föhn (1990); Haeberli and Beniston (1998), in: Agrawala (2007)
  7. Elsasser and Burki (2002),in: Agrawala (2007)
  8. Marty (2008)
  9. BMU (2004), in: European Environment Agency (EEA) (2005)
  10. Bätzing (2003) , in: European Environment Agency (EEA) (2005)
  11. Güthler (2003), in: Alcamo et al. (2007)
  12. Bätzing ( 2003); Kanatsching and Weber (1998), in: Alcamo et al. (2007)
  13. Bader and Kunz (1998), in: Alcamo et al. (2007)
  14. Hantel et al. (2000); Wielke et al. (2004); Martin and Etchevers (2005), all in: Alcamo et al. (2007)
  15. Hantel et al. (2000), in: Alcamo et al. (2007)
  16. Beniston et al. (2003), in: Alcamo et al. (2007)
  17. Föhn (1990), in: Elsasser and Bürki (2002)
  18. Allianz Umweltstiftung (2005),in: Agrawala (2007)
  19. Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management (2010)
  20. http://www.msnbc.msn.com
  21. http://pistehors.com
  22. http://www.timesonline.co.uk
  23. EEA, JRC and WHO (2008)
  24. UNWTO, UNEP and WHO (2008)
  25. Deutsche Bank Research (2008)
  26. ONERC (2007/2009)
  27. Steger et al. (2013)
  28. Pons et al. (2015)
  29. Vanat (2014), in: Pons et al. (2015)
  30. Witmer (1986); Abegg et al. (2007); Scott et al. (2008); Steiger (2010), all in: Pons et al. (2015)
  31. Green and Pickering (2009), in: Pons et al. (2015)
  32. Pons et al. (2012)
  33. Mourey and Ravanel (2017); Mourey et al. (2019), both in: IPCC (2019)
  34. Berard-Chenu et al. (2021)
  35. DSF (2017); Vanat (2019), both in: Berard-Chenu et al. (2021)
  36. Atout France (2012), in: Berard-Chenu et al. (2021)
  37. López-Moreno et al. (2020)
  38. Salim et al. (2021b), in: Salim et al. (2021)
  39. Salim et al. (2021)
  40. Berard-Chenu et al. (2022)

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