Bosnia
Energy
Energy in Bosnia and Herzegovina in numbers
The basic sources of primary energy in Bosnia and Herzegovina are coal and hydropower. The total energy consumption in 2005 was as follows: 45.3% coal and coke, 9.6% hydropower, 21.1% liquid fuels, 5.6% natural gas, and 20.5% wood (11). Bosnia and Herzegovina depends on imports for its energy consumption.
Opportunities Bosnia and Herzegovina
Hydropower
The exploitation of hydropower is less than 40% of the total usable potential, which is rather low in comparison with other European countries. The utilization degree for small hydro power plants is even lower. In 1991, there were 11 small hydro power plants, which made 4.4% of the total potential small hydropower plant capacity, i.e. 5.7% of the energy available. ... A significant part of hydropower potential suitable for construction of large hydropower plants is permanently lost due to urban, environmental and economic limitations (10).
Wind energy
Insufficient measurements make it impossible to estimate the real potential for wind energy in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It has been indicated that there is the economic potential for developing approximately 600 MW of wind-based electricity by 2020. ... Analysis of the possible wind energy utilization in selected macro-locations is just a beginning step, reflecting the perspectives of these regions for wind power generation (12). At present, there is no operational wind power plant connected to the high-voltage network.
Geothermal energy
The geothermal energy potential of Bosnia and Herzegovina is 33 MWth (13). The temperatures at known sites (50 to 85°C) are too low for producing electric power.
Solar energy
The use of solar energy is insignificant and it is realistic to expect that in the period until 2030 in Bosnia and Herzegovina there will not be more significant application of solar energy for the production of electrical energy (10).
Biomass
There is a long tradition of biomass use in Bosnia and Herzegovina, but that use is characterized with a very low rate of utilization, mainly in rural and suburban areas as a primary source of energy for heating and cooking purposes in households and buildings. ... Biomass in Bosnia and Herzegovina totals approximately 9 % of total primary energy supply, mostly as firewood and wood waste (10).
Bosnia and Herzegovina has a good economic rationale for using manure to produce biogas. The biomass percentage in the world energy production is projected to reach between 25% and 46% prior to 2100. There is significant potential for using liquid manure from farms obtained from registered livestock in the country to produce biogas as a way proposed to mitigate climate change (10).
Vulnerabilities Europe
Supply
The current key renewable energy sources in Europe are hydropower (19.8% of electricity generated) and wind. By the 2070s, hydropower potential for the whole of Europe is expected to decline by 6%, translated into a 20 to 50% decrease around the Mediterranean, a 15 to 30% increase in northern and eastern Europe and a stable hydropower pattern for western and central Europe (1,3,4). In areas with increased precipitation and runoff, dam safety may become a problem due to more frequent and intensive flooding events (5).
Read moreReferences
The references below are cited in full in a separate map 'References'. Please click here if you are looking for the full references for Bosnia and Herzegovina.
- Lehner et al. (2005), in: Alcamo et al. (2007)
- Metzger et al. (2004), in: Alcamo et al. (2007)
- Kirkinen et al. (2005), in: Anderson (ed.) (2007)
- Veijalainen and Vehviläinen (2006); Andréasson et al. (2006), in: Anderson (ed.) (2007)
- Anderson (ed.) (2007)
- Rothstein et al. (2006), in: Anderson (ed.) (2007)
- Alcamo et al., 2007
- EEA, JRC and WHO (2008)
- Behrens et al. (2010)
- Vukmir et al. (2009)
- EES BiH (2007), in: Vukmir et al. (2009)
- Muštović (2005), in: Vukmir et al. (2009)
- Strategic Plan and Program of FBiH Energy Sector Development (2008), in: Vukmir et al. (2009)
- Van Vliet et al. (2012)